Posted by:
Henry Bemis
(
)
Date: October 26, 2022 02:49PM
"What's the difference between when a person is alive and when in the next moment when they are dead?"
COMMENT: The body is a complex biological system having several necessary components (organs) for the system to function. Each of these components are comprised of living cells, which process energy for the operation of those cells and the bodies systemic functions generally. When the system is disrupted sufficiently (e.g. by a gunshot, cancer, or just an over-worked heart), death occurs. The cells of the body eventually die also, and the body decomposes. Sometimes, as in cancer, the malfunction of cells within the body triggers a disruption of the system, causing death. In short, all of this can be explained by physiology. There is no need for a spirit or soul to explain death.
Imagine you were driving your car down the highway and it suddenly 'dies.' As upsetting as this is, you are not tempted to exclaim, "Damn, the car spirit has left its body again." The reason is that you generally understand the mechanisms of the car that are required for it to operate and realize that some such mechanism has failed and needs to be fixed--unless the car is 'totaled.' The same generally applies to the human body.
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"Is it the spirit, or in some schools of thought the soul, that leaves?"
COMMENT: The above description of death does NOT prove there is no 'life giving' spirit or soul either in the human body or the car. In order to show affirmatively that there *is* such a spirit in the car, say, you might try to prove (1) that the car is conscious, and that its conscious mental life affects in some way the functioning of the car over and above its mechanistic, physical, properties; and/or (2) that the car is able to perform operations of some kind that cannot be explained by appeal to its physical mechanisms. Of course, with respect to the car, you cannot prove any of this, and it seems especially ludicrous. But how about the human body?
As for the human, it is quite easy to show that humans are conscious, mental agents, whose mental efforts and direction can affect the functioning of the physical body. This is just an empirical fact of human experience. Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (CBT)is one non-subjective example of this, as I have previously noted. But common everyday subjective intuitions support this fact also. We decide by our thoughts and reasoning, and our mental choices where our bodies will go, and what they will do in order to accomplish whatever goal we might set for ourselves. So, arguably the mental causation associated with the human body is, or should be, uncontroversial.
Secondly, a serious look at human cognition--particularly in light of the demonstrated limitations of AI--demonstrates that human beings engage in cognitive processes and have cognitive abilities that cannot be explained, even in principle, by appeal to the known, neural network, mechanisms of the physical brain, however complex. This suggests that there is something missing, or something additional that is necessary to explain these cognitive capacities. I will not get into the details now, but such limitations are evident from the so-called 'frame problem' of AI and cognitive science generally; as well as the lack of mechanistic explanations as related to human creativity. See for example:
Daniel C. Dennett, *Brainstorms* (1978) p. 125-126; Daniel C. Dennett, "Cognitive Wheels: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence," (1987) in Z.W. Pylyshyn (ed.) *The Robot's Dilemma: The Frame Problem in Artificial Intelligence; Margaret A. Boden, *Creativity as a Neuroscientific Mystery* (2013)
(Note: AI as applied to robotics represents a good approximation as to the 'state-of-the-art' in resolving both the frame problem and creativity in neuroscience. When AI develops a 'universal' robot that can perform complex problem-solving tasks across multiple domains--as a human clearly can--or can 'create' a uniquely artistic symphony, say, from algorithms applied to the data of musical rules and forms, then we can start talking about robotic consciousness. Until then, the idea of a 'spirit' or 'soul' remains a viable placeholder for explaining human cognition. Of course, the nature of such a spirit or soul remains to be seen, including its origin and status at death.)