Posted by:
Lot's Wife
(
)
Date: February 04, 2018 02:43PM
You guys are missing my point.
I never said "nations" didn't exist until after Napoleon. What I said was that modern "nationalism" did not exist until after Napoleon. In political science and history that is not a controversial proposition.
There are very few homogeneous nations. The usual examples are Iran, Japan, France: those are countries where the vast majority of the people speak the same language, worship the same way, and share major cultural elements. Asserting that each nation should have its own state works in those places; it can even prove a strong reinforcement to the state and society. But those are very unusual cases.
The examples you raise make my point. Scotland is a nation? Well, yes. But Scotland is not a state. Scotland is a nation in a multi-national state, the UK. Wars were fought over whether Scotland should be part of the British state. Ireland is a better example. It was once considered a nation, then a nation among the British nations, but then as notions of nationalism changed the question arose whether it was one nation or two. Are the Catholics and the Protestants a single nation that should fall within a single state or two nations that deserve two states? it was quite recently that the violence on that point diminished.
Poland, Lithuania and Hungary are even better examples of the nation-state dilemma. Lithuania once controlled Poland and other regions of Eastern Europe, so that is an example of an unstable alignment because the Poles resented Lithuanian domination of their nation. In 1700 roughly 50% of the inhabitants in Poland were Poles; in the early 20th century, it was about 60%. There were huge numbers of Germans, Russians, Jews, Czecks, etc. This made the state unstable; it made it easy for foreign countries to invade and chop Poland up since the minorities wanted to be part of those invading states, where their nation was in the majority. That's why historians called Poland "God's Playground," because the great powers kept chopping the place up.
It is also why the Poles were so horrific to the Jews during and after WWII. In the early 20th century, the second largest population of Jews in the world was in Poland. A full 20% of world Jewry lived there. When the Nazis and Soviets occupied Poland, they immediately enlisted the Poles to eliminate the Jewish minorities, which were viewed as a threat to the state. Polish collusion made that country perhaps the second worst in Europe (behind Germany) at slaughtering Jews. So no, Poland was not a homogeneous nation from 1000 CE. It was a territory containing a number of nations. "Clarifying" that situation, "purifying" the nation and aligning it with the state borders, required genocide.
Hungary is another example of the difference between a nation and a state. Hungary was for centuries a part of the HRE/Austrian Empire. That empire had lots of problems, but it represented a stable accretion of different territories with hugely mixed national populations. The application of modern notions of nationalism destroyed Austria. The insistence on national self-determination by the Serbs was a major contributor to WWI, and the West's attempts to create nation-states out of the empire's ruins at Versailles were a disaster. Why? Because saying that you are going to give nations their own states is stupid when your new creations (Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, etc.) are themselves congeries of nations and hence illegitimate.
That contributed to WWII. When Hitler started chopping up Czechoslovakia, he did so to "protect" the members of the German nation who comprised the western edge of Cz. Uniting the German nation was also how he destroyed the Austrian state through Anschluss. But this continued long past 1945. The determination to make nations match states was what tore Yugoslavia apart in the 1990s, as it would nearly simultaneously engulf Rwanda in blood.
The notion that the Arab "nation" belongs in a single state has also created all kinds of problems in the Moslem world since the Moslem Brotherhood, Al Qaeda, ISIS, etc., all wanted to create a single theocracy that embraced all Sunnis and hence required the overthrow of the various local states. Faced with those threats, the governments have been encouraged to be more authoritarian, more extremist, more aggressive. We've seen what happens when you remove Saddam Hussein, opening up the wars between national groups like the Shi'a, the Sunnis, the Kurds, etc., all peoples with strong affinities for other countries.
What you guys are missing is that countries, nations, and states are all different things. A country is a territory, like Poland or Russia. A nation is a people who think they belong together, like Indian Moslems, or Slavs in the Austro-Hungarian Empire, or Serbians in Yugoslavia. A state is a government with control over a territory. When you say that states and nations should coincide, you open Pandora's Box.
There are some cases where history has created nations in distinct territories over which a stable state can rule. Those work well, like France or Iran or Japan. But most of the world consists of states that include many mixed nations and unclear territorial boundaries. In those situations, saying that national and state boundaries should align is generally a destructive doctrine.