--Mormonism's Lack of Originality: From the Mouths of Its Living "Prophets"
Think of your favorite General Authorities' "revelatory" Conference talks and/or doctrinal writings.
Check their source references (if any), then think again.
What you'll find is certainly a, well, revelation.
_____
--Solomon Spaulding Disguised as Joseph Smith
First and foremost, of course, among Mormonism's persistent plagiarists was its charismatic charlatan and philandering founder, Joseph Smith (1805-1844).
Smith (with the conniving assistance of Sidney Rigdon) ripped off the fictional manuscript writings of Congregationalist minister Solomon Spaulding (1761-1816) for the purpose of creating the equally fictional Book of Mormon.
In his devastating expose' of Smith's theft of others' hard-earned intellectual property (since he had no honest intellect of his own), researcher Vernal Holley exposes the spawned-by-Spaulding connection:
"[There are] many similarities between Spaulding's 'Manuscript Story' and the Book of Mormon. These are not vague similariites also found in other adventure stories; they are unique only to the works in question.
"How many books exist that have the same story outline as the Book of Mormon? How many stories tell of a record being written by the ancestors of the American Indians and buried by them to come forth at some future time when other people inherit their lands? How many tell of the same worship ceremonies, cultural technology, seer stones, and give the same descriptions of their fortifications and war stories? How many novels tell of a white God person whose teachings brought about a long period of peace followed by a war between kindred tribes in which the losing people are exterminated? Many similarities in the literary style of the two works have also been identified including identical word combinations, and the geograhpical settings of the two stories appear to be in the same area?
"Most skeptical readers of Spaulding's 'Manuscript Story' encounter difficulty in recognizing similarities between it and the Book of Mormon because they expect it to be written in the King James style complete with sentences beginning with "And it came to pass" and personal names similar to those in the Book of Mormon. When they cannot find these elements, they may lost interest and find it difficult to complete even a first reading. The problem is compounded when the reader is not a veteran student of the Book of Mormon. For example, if the reader is unaware that Gazelem, the Book of Mormon servant of the Lord, possessed a seer stone, the Spaulding seer stone might be passed over as insignificant.
"I believe that anyone who carefully studies all the material in [my] report will see that a relationship does exist between Solomon Spaulding's unpublished writing, called 'Manuscript Story,' and the Book of Mormon. The only significant difference between the two story outlines is the inclusion of the romance between Prince Eleson and Princess Lamess in 'Manuscript Story.' There is no such romance in the Book of Mormon.
"All the same, [Hugh] Nibley's assertion that the similarities between the 'Manuscript Story' and the Book of Mormon 'add up to nothing' seems to me to be an unfair conclusion. I believe the application of Nibley's rule (the closer the resemblance, the closer the connection) leaves little doubt that a connection does exist between Solomon Spaulding's writing and the Book of Mormon.
"So the question remains: How did this relationship come about? And, was the unfinished Spaulding 'Manuscript Story'--or an enlarged version--used by Joseph Smith as the groundwork for the Book of Mormon?"
(Vernal Holley, Book of Mormon Authorship: A Closer Look--A comprehensive study of the similarities between the Book of Mormon and the writings of Solomon Spaulding, 3rd edition, revised and enlarged [Roy, Utah: Vernal Holley, publisher, 1992], pp. 71-72)
For striking examples of parallel word usages, storylines, names, and geographic locales, see:
http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/vern/vernP0.htmhttp://www.sidneyrigdon.com/vern/vernP2.htm#pg33http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/vern/vernP2.htm#pg28http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/vern/vernP1.htm#pg20http://www.sidneyrigdon.com/vern/vernP2.htm#pg27http://sidneyrigdon.com/vern/Holley1.JPGhttp://sidneyrigdon.com/vern/Holley2.JPG and:
Wayne L. Cowdrey, Howard A. Davis and Arthur Vanick, "Who Really Wrote the Book of Mormon?" (St. Louis, Missouri: Concordia Publishing House, 2005)
http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/0758605277/002-1638398-8090404?v=glance&n=283155"Book of Mormon stories that I cribbed--here, look and see . . ."
_____
--Benjamin Disraeli Disguised as David O. McKay
David O. McKay (1873-1970) is perhaps best known for his oft-quoted little couplet (which, come to find out, wasn't his after all):
"No other success can compensate for failure in the home."
(cited on an official LDS website, from J. E. McCullough, "Home: The Savior of Civilization" [1924], 42; Conference Report, April 1935, p. 116.)
http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/presidents/controllers/potcController.jsp?leader=9&topic=quoteshttp://www.timesandseasons.org/?p=2252McKay had, in fact, infamously ripped line off that famous line from Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881), a renowned British politician, novelist and essayist who said:
"No success in public life can compensate for failure in the home."
http://www.motivatingquotes.com/failure.htmEfforts to sweep McKay's plagiarizing tracks under the rug have been obvious. Below is an exchange I had earlier this year on RfM with poster "Makurosu" regarding obvious evidence of attempts to cover McKay's hind end:
I wrote the following:
"Wiki-warping Morgots have been caught and exposed here on RfM trying to cover David O. McKay's plagiarizing tracks back to Benjamin Disraeli.
"The evidence seems to point quite clearly to TBM lurkers who are reading this board, spotting information that contradicts the Mormon myth and then altering other website sources to cover the acts of their thieving leaders.
"Consider this:
"In another thread, poster Makurosu noted that Mormon Church president David O. McKay's statement, "No other success can compensate for failure in the home," wasn't original to McKay but, rather, was stolen from Benjamin Disraeli:
--"Posted by: Makurosu
Date: January 24, 2012
11:23 AM
Subject line: The quote was lifted without credit from Benjamin Disraeli.
"'No success in public life can compensate for failure in the home.'
"I think Theodore Roosevelt quoted Disraeli first before the quote landed on the lips of David O. McKay.
"Hooray for Jesus."
"I replied to Makurosu, which led to an intriguing discovery by Makurosu--namely, that the McKay-cribbed quote from Disraeli (which I had mentioned and cited from 'wikipedia' in a previous RfM thread back on 11 April 2011) had subsequently vanished from "wikipedia."
"Hmmmmm.
"Here's how Makurosu's discovery of possible TBM tampering with "wikipidia" unfolded. In response to Makurosu's initial post, I replied:
--"Posted by: steve benson
Date: January 24, 2012
12:22 PM
Subjecct line: Yes, indeed, David O. McKay had no suceess coming up with an original line. He plagiarized it . . .
"McKay ripped line off that famous line from Benjamin Disraeli (1804-1881), a renowned British politician, novelist and essayist who said:
"No success in public life can compensate for failure in the home."
"(Simran Khurana, 'Benjamin Disraeli Quotations A Collection of Benjamin Disraeli Quotations,' at:
http://quotations.about.com/od/stillmorefamouspeople/a/BenjaminDisrae1.htm)
"You've even got Mormons admitting McKay cribbed it:
"'My [LDS] church leaders repeatedly emphasized this teaching: 'No other success can compensate for failure in the home.' (Benjamin Disraeli as paraphrased by President David O. McKay).'
"('Green Oasis,' under 'Family First,' 5 July 2007, at:
http://www.blakeclan.org/jon/greenoasis/tag/conscience/index.html) . . .
--"Posted by: Makurosu
Date: January 24, 2012
01:04 PM
Subject line: Sounds like an epic fail for McKay in public life to me. (n/t)"
--"Posted by: steve benson
Date: January 24, 2012
11:31 PM
Subject line: Sounds like Mormons riding the coattails of dead non-Mormons and not them giving credit . . .
"If Elohim can't inspire Mormonism's false prophets with their own revealed inspirational lines, simply steal quotes from deceased Gentiles and call it your own.
"To review the rip-off:
"David O. McKay (1873-1970) is perhaps best known for his oft-quoted little couplet (which, come to find out, wasn't his after all):
"No other success can compensate for failure in the home."
"(cited on an official LDS website, from J. E. McCullough, 'Home: The Savior of Civilization' [1924], 42; Conference Report, April 1935, p. 116, at:
http://www.lds.org/churchhistory/presidents/controllers/potcController.jsp?leader=9&topic=quotes; see also, Julie M. Smith, 'Book Review: David O. McKay: Beloved Prophet,' on "Times and Season: 'Truth Will Prevail,'" at:
http://www.timesandseasons.org/?p=2252)
"McKay had, in fact, purloigned that famous line from Disraeli, who said it before McKay did:
"'No success in public life can compensate for failure in the home.'
"INTERESTING SIDENOTE: I previously found Disraeli's 'no success" quote on 'Wikipedia,' at:
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"Checking back there today, however, that quote is no longer on that site.
"Since one can go on to 'wiki' and anonymously edit the articles of others, it does not seem beyond the realm of reasonable possibility that a true-believing Mormon (in an all-too-typical dishonest effort to keep McKay's mythological image as a "prophet" intact) snuck in to the wiki article and took it out."
"At this point, Makurosu picked up a traceable fishy scent:
--"Posted by: Makurosu
Date: January 25, 2012
12:27 AM
Subject line: According to Wayback at Archive.org it disappeared sometime between July 15, 2010 and May 14, 2011.
"Here's the July 15, 2010 snapshot:
http://web.archive.org/web/20100715203208/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"As you can see, the quote is in the 'Unsourced' section. Only the quote has disappeared and not the Unsourced section. It wasn't moved to the "Misattributed" section either.
"Here's the May 14, 2011 snapshot:
http://web.archive.org/web/20110514030631/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli "
--"Posted by: steve benson
Date: January 25, 2012
02:17 AM
Subject line: Thanks. That's interesting (and perhaps not coincidental). I posted on McKay's plagiarism of Disraeli on 11 April 2011 . . .
"'The Plagiarizing Moves On': In the Long LDS Tradition of Unoriginal & Uninspired "Prophets"--Joseph Smith, David O. Mckay, Ezra Taft Benson, Merrill J. Bateman & Bruce R. McConkie," posted by steve benson, "Recovery from Mormonism" bulletin board, 11 April 2011, at:
http://exmormon.org/phorum/read.php?2,163604,163836,quote=1"The now-vanished Disraeli quote was on 'Wikipedia' as of July 15, 2010, and read: 'No success in public life can compensate for failure in the home.'
http://web.archive.org/web/20100715203208/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"It was gone from the same 'Wikipedia' page entirely by May 14, 2011 (33 days after my earlier RfM post appeared noting the McKay plagiarism of Disraeli):
http://web.archive.org/web/20110514030631/http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli"[to see and compare both "Wayback" pages, click on the word 'Impatient?,' located in the bottom-right corner]
"(The above exchange is found in the thread, 'No success outside the home....,' posted by kolobian, on 'Recovery from Mormonism' bulletin board, 21 January 2012, 01:33 PM, at:
http://exmormon.org/phorum/read.php?2,397412)
"Makurso then caps it off with this 'smoking gun' discovery that a pro-Mormon rewrited may well have deleted the evidence of McKay's plagiarism of Disraeli from 'Wikipedia' (as noted by Makurosu later down in this thread, inserted here):
--"Posted by: Makurosu
Date: January 25, 2012
10:12 AM
Subject line: It's unfortunate that there was such a wide gap in the snapshots at Archive.org.
"I looked into the discussions at the 'wiki' site to see if I could find a change log to pinpoint when the quote was deleted, but I don't know enough about the system. Maybe someone with better knowledge could look into it. It's certainly interesting.
http://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Benjamin_Disraeli--"Posted by: Makurosu
Date: January 25, 2012
10:25 AM
Subject line: Never mind. I found it.
"Looks like you're right, Steve. The quote was deleted April 15, 2011--four days after the thread on RfM.
"Here's the action history:
http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&action=history"It was removed by user 'Neutrality' with the comment 'rm mis-attributions.'
"Here's the revision log. See line 645. No explanation given for removing that quote.
http://en.wikiquote.org/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Disraeli&diff=1372320&oldid=1272023 "
**********************************
"So, in the end, some probable anonymous troll for the Mormon Cult removes from "Wikipedia's" biography article on Disraeli the quote from Disraeli--instead of removing from the record McKay's plagiarism of Disraeli's quote.
"That says it all.
Thanks for your diligent detective digging, Makurosu, which raises the question:
"No success at perptuating the Mormon myth can occur if evidence of possible TBM tampering with the trail of evidence is uncovered?
"Heh."
(see:
http://exmormon.org/phorum/read.php?2,409933,410030#msg-410030; and:
http://exmormon.org/d6/drupal/Are-TBM-Lurkers-Reading-This-Board)
No success can compensate for words that aren't their own.
_____
--Gertrude Himmel Disguised as Merril J. Bateman
At a Sunstone Symposium a few years ago, LDS author Bryan Waterman critically noted the “reliance” of BYU President Merrill Bateman (1936- ) “on the work of [academic conservative] Gertrude Himmelfarb (1922- ) . . .”
http://www.lds-mormon.com/31076.shtmlActually, Bateman’s supposed “reliance” took the form of blatant plagiarism.
On 25 April 1996, the then-incoming president of BYU/General Authority Bateman delivered his inaugural address to the student body assembled in the Marriott Center, entitled "Response to Change."
Curiously, the BYU website where Bateman's blatantly-borrowed speech was at one time posted, is no longer available there. Instead, efforts to link to it result in this message:
"Oops! Internet Explorer could not connect to fc.byu.edu
"Suggestions:
•Go to byu.edu
•Try reloading: fc.byu.edu//ee/w_mjb496.htm
•Search on Google"
http://www.byu.edu/fc/ee/w_mjb496.htmBateman was subsequently accused of stealing--without attribution--portions of his remarks from an article published earlier the same year, authored by conservative philosopher Gertrude Himmelfarb, entitled, "The Christian University: A Call to Counterrevolution." (First Things, no. 59, January 1996, pp. 16-19)
http://www.leaderu.com/ftissues/ft9601/articles/himmelfarb.htmlThe plagiarism accusation caused an uproar in academic circles, leading Bateman to deny the charge. The accusation was recently mentioned in an article appearing in the Mormon Church-owned Desert News, in conjunction with the end of Bateman's tenure as BYU president:
"Brigham Young University President Merrill J. Bateman . . . sent a letter to a neo-conservative scholar denying that he plagiarized her work in his inaugural address. An anonymous BYU faculty member made that charge last week."
http://www.deseretnews.com/article/508472/Y-PRESIDENT-WRITES-SCHOLAR-DENIES-PLAGIARIZING-HER-WORK.htmlOnce caught, Bateman attempted his own denial of plagiarizing Himmelfarb, telling a BYU campus audience in August 1996 that he didn't crib his suspect speeh but nonetheless admitted: "I apologize for the ambiguity and inattention that created the confusion. The attribution could and should have been clearer. I promise to be more careful in the future."
http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=10887Nice try, Merrill.
Comparing Bateman's inaugural address with Himmelfarb's article proves that Bateman was, well, lying.
Although the manuscript copy of Bateman's 1996 inaugural address offered a single footnote reference to Himmelfarb's ideas (located on p. 18 of her article), Bateman failed in the spoken version of those remarks to acknowledge his reliance on Himmelfarb's ideas--thus, leaving the false impression that her words were his own.
A point-by-point, topical comparison of the Himmelfarb and Bateman texts raises serious questions about Bateman's intellectual honesty:
*On Disparaging Truth, Knowledge and Objectivity
Himmelfarb:
"Today many eminent professors in some of our most esteemed universities disparage the ideas of truth, knowledge, and objectivity as naive or disingenuous at best, as fraudulent and despotic at worst."
"Above all, it is the truth that is denigrated."
"Finally, and most disastrously, the university, liberated from religious dogma, has also become liberated from the traditional academic dogma, the belief in truth, knowledge, and objectivity."
Bateman:
"During the past two decades, however, a number of well-known educators have begun to denigrate truth, knowledge, and objectivity."
*On Politicization of the University By Interest Groups
Himmelfarb:
"It [the university] is also a highly politicized institution; no longer subject to any religious authority, the university is at the mercy of the whims and wills of interest groups and ideologies."
Bateman:
"The university becomes a politicized institution that is at the mercy and whims of various interest groups."
*On the Secularization of the University and Its Hostility to Religion
Himmelfarb:
"For we are now confronted with a university . . . that has almost totally abandoned its original mission. It is now not merely a secular institution but a secularist one, propagating secularism as a creed, a creed that is not neutral as among religions but is hostile to all religions, indeed to religion itself."
Bateman:
"If university scholars reject the notion of ‘truth,’ there is no basis for intellectual and moral integrity. Secularism becomes a creed that is no longer neutral but hostile to religion."
*On the Rise of Radical Relativism
Himmelfarb:
"The animating spirit of postmodernism is a radical relativism and skepticism that rejects any idea of truth, knowledge, or objectivity."
Bateman:
"The driving theory is a radical relativism and skepticism that rejects any idea of truth or knowledge."
Before giving his purloined speech, perhaps Bateman should have review BYU's own Honor Code.
This document on Integrity 101 has the following to say about academic standards:
”The first injunction of the BYU Honor Code is the call to ‘be honest.’ Students come to the university not only to improve their minds, gain knowledge, and develop skills that will assist them in their life's work, but also to build character. ‘President David O. McKay taught that character is the highest aim of education’ ('The Aims of a BYU Education,' p. 6). It is the purpose of the BYU Academic Honesty Policy to assist in fulfilling that aim.
”BYU students should seek to be totally honest in their dealings with others. They should complete their own work and be evaluated based upon that work. They should avoid academic dishonesty and misconduct in all its forms, including but not limited to plagiarism, fabrication or falsification, cheating, and other academic misconduct.”
http://math.byu.edu/cardon/math113/BYUPolicies.htmlLike any good power-mongering Mormon authority figure who couldn't give a flyin' fig leaf apron about adhering to moral principle, fellow Blue Suit Boyd K. Packer rode to Bateman's rescue with a divinely-sounded vengeance.
A few months after exposure of Bateman as a clunky plagiarist, Packer issued what was seen by many as a thinly-veiled attack against Bateman's Mormon critics.
At October 1996 General Conference, in a sermon unsubtley entitled, "The Twelve Apostles," Packer warned:
”Some few within the Church, openly or perhaps far worse, in the darkness of anonymity, reproach their leaders in the wards and stakes and the Church, seeking to make them ‘an offender for a word,’ as Isaiah said. To them the Lord said, ‘Cursed are all those that shall lift up the heel against mine anointed, saith the Lord, and cry they have sinned when they have not sinned before me, saith the Lord, but have done that which was meet in mine eyes, and which I commanded them.
"’But those who cry transgression do it because they are the servants of sin, and are the children of disobedience themselves . . .
"’Because they have offended my little ones they shall be severed from the ordinances of mine house.
"’Their basket shall not be full, their houses and their barns shall perish, and they themselves shall be despised by those that flattered them.
"’They shall not have right to the priesthood, nor their posterity after them from generation to generation.’
”That terrible penalty will not apply to those who try as best they can to live the gospel and sustain their leaders. Nor need it apply to those who in the past have been guilty of indifference or even opposition, if they will repent and confess their transgressions, and forsake them.”
http://www.lightplanet.com/mormons/conferences/96_oct/Packer_Apostles.htmFor those concerned about fake prophets of God like Packer coming to the defense of other fake Mormon prophets like Bateman, they can rest assured that any LDS leader whom Packer defends probably has done something wrong.
(Organ music, please): "Music and the Stolen Word"
_____
--An Unknown Arab Poet Disguised as Bruce R. McConkie
In eulogizing the by-then-dead Apostle/Fossil Bruce R. McConkie (1915-1985) at a BYU fireside, then-member of the First Quorum of the Seventy John K. Carmack offered this glowing tribute to Bruce the Prophetic Plagiarizer, comparing the Mormon Church to a steady-as-she-goes caravan moving forward into the eternal realms of glory:
” . . . [A]s an expression of his confidence in the Church, and as a seer whose words light the pathway we must travel as we endure to the end of that path, Elder McConkie saw the road ahead and the kingdom as a moving caravan triumphantly moving to its destiny.”
http://speeches.byu.edu/reader/reader.php?id=6933Carmack was borrowing his in-memorium caravan image from an earlier McConkie sermon entitled “The Caravan Moves On.”
Not to be outdone, McConkie himself had lifted the caravan metaphor (without attribution, of course) from an old Arab proverb.
McConkie’s sermon (which appeared in the November 1984 issue of the "Ensign") likened critics of the Mormon Church to dogs yapping at the heels of the caravan of truth as it plodded ahead, undaunted and undeterred by apostate hounds of hell barking in the rear.
Declared McConkie in solemn, plagiarized tones:
”The Church is like a great caravan--organized, prepared, following an appointed course, with its captains of tens and captains of hundreds all in place.
”What does it matter if a few barking dogs snap at the heels of the weary travelers? Or that predators claim those few who fall by the way?
"The caravan moves on.
”Is there a ravine to cross, a miry mud hole to pull through, a steep grade to climb? So be it. The oxen are strong and the teamsters wise.
"The caravan moves on.
”Are there storms that rage along the way, floods that wash away the bridges, deserts to cross, and rivers to ford? Such is life in this fallen sphere.
"The caravan moves on.
”Ahead is the celestial city, the eternal Zion of our God, where all who maintain their position in the caravan shall find food and drink and rest.
"Thank God that the caravan moves on!
”In the name of the Lord Jesus Christ, amen."
http://www.lds.org/general-conference/1984/10/the-caravan-moves-on?lang=engNot to put too much of an uninspired point on it, McConkie’s Christly caravan imagery was purloined from an ancient Arab proverb (which, of course, he didn’t have to give credit to because, thus saith the Lard, he was an Apostle of the Lard who didn't have to give credit to anyone if he didn't want to).
In reality, the caravan line has been a popular go-to image used through time to illustrate all kinds of points of view, McConkie’s anti-dog doctrine being just one of them.
In fact, the popularity of this well-known Arab proverb was illustrated when Russian President Vladimir Putin was mentioned in a news article as "recit[ing] a long list of Russia's economic accomplishments during his presidency, dismissing foreign critics of Russia's worthiness for Group of Eight membership with a proverb:
‘The dog keeps barking, but the caravan moves on.’"
http://smh.com.au/news/world/hamas-must-change-now-putin-warns/2006/02/01/1138590568294.htmlBut far from him to give thanks to some supposedly lowly, brown-skinned Arab. McConkie took the glory unto himself, although he's not named in history as the proverb's originator:
http://www.wiseoldsayings.com/wosdirectoryd.htmhttp://sand1.wordpress.com/2009/03/17/108-the-dogs-bark-but-the-caravan-moves-on-arab-proverb/Old myths about allegedly inspired Mormon leaders die hard. (As they say, never let the facts get in the way of a good prophet).
In a talk delivered at a Brigham Young University-Idaho Devotional, entitled “Obedience to the Commandments of the Lord,” Kim B. Clark soberly invoked the non-original words of non-inspired McConkie to make a nonsensical point.
" . . .I would like to marry Nephi’s metaphor of the iron rod and the strait and narrow path to another image given us by another prophet, seer, and revelator in our day. I think in so doing we may see new dimensions of the journey and gain deeper understanding of what we must do to obtain eternal life.
"The metaphor I have in mind was given to us by Elder Bruce R. McConkie in a talk he gave in general conference in the fall of 1984."
[Editor's note: No, it wasn't, but go ahead, anyway].
"Let’s listen to Elder McConkie:
"'The Church is like a great caravan--organized, prepared, following an appointed course, with its captains of ten and captains of hundreds in place.
"‘What does it matter if a few barking dogs snap at the heels of the weary travelers? Or that predators claim those few who fall by the way?
"The caravan moves on.
"'Is there a ravine to cross, a miry mud hole to pull through, a steep grade to climb? So be it. The oxen are strong and the teamsters wise.
"'The caravan moves on.
"'Are there storms that rage along the way, floods that wash away the bridges, deserts to cross, rivers to ford? Such is life in the fallen sphere. The caravan moves on.
“'Ahead is the celestial city, the eternal Zion of our God, where all who maintain their position in the caravan shall find food and drink and rest.
"'Thank God that the caravan moves on!'”
http://www.byui.edu/Presentations/Transcripts/Devotionals/2005_08_30_ClarkK.htmSorry to burst your testimonial bubble, Sister Clark, but Bruce R. McConkie did not give you that inspiring metaphor.
In fact, Mormomonism's go-to prophets are Spaulding, Disraeli, Lewis, Himmelfarb and an unknown Arab proverb writer.
Please try again later.
Edited 11 time(s). Last edit at 06/20/2012 03:42AM by steve benson.